Design a Distributed Cache (Memcached / mcrouter)
Consistent hashing, mcrouter routing, gutter pool, lease tokens. Meta E6+ infra design signature.
generalredissystem-design
54 signature questions
System Design
Every Mag 7 + Netflix system-design question with mermaid diagrams, capacity math, worked examples, pitfalls, and follow-ups.
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Design a Distributed Counter (Sharded + Eventually Consistent)
Sharded counters, eventual consistency, write-heavy. View counts, like counters, page views.
generalredissystem-design
Design a Distributed File System (GFS / Colossus)
Master + chunkservers, replication, append-only writes, fault recovery. Foundation of modern data infra.
generalsystem-design
Design a Distributed Key-Value Store (DynamoDB-style)
Amazon's signature L5+ system design. Tests consistent hashing, replication, quorum, vector clocks, and the CAP trade-offs Amazon engineers grade for keenly. Based on the 2007 Dynamo paper.
awsgeneralsystem-design
Design a Distributed Rate Limiter
Token bucket, sliding window, Redis-backed. Asked at Meta E5+, Amazon, Stripe, Cloudflare.
generalredissystem-design
Design a Global OTA Update System (Tesla Fleet)
Delta updates, staged rollout, canary, rollback, fail-safe, low-bandwidth, fleet segmentation.
generalsystem-design
Design a GPU Cluster Scheduler (MIG + Gang)
Bin packing, MIG slicing, gang scheduling, K8s GPU operator, preemption, QoS. NVIDIA signature SDI.
cudakubernetessystem-design
Design a URL Shortener (TinyURL / bit.ly)
Classic system-design starter. Tests capacity estimation, ID generation, read-heavy storage, caching, and analytics. Asked at Amazon, Microsoft, Uber, LinkedIn.
generalsystem-design
Design Amazon Customer-Order-Product DB
Relational + NoSQL hybrid, OLTP vs OLAP separation, global tables. Tests data-modeling decisions at multi-region scale.
awsgeneralsqlsystem-design
Design Amazon Locker (IoT pickup network)
IoT device fleet, offline resilience, locker assignment, scanning, security/audit. Tests edge architecture + correctness under intermittent connectivity.
awsgeneralsystem-design
Design Amazon Order Processing (Saga + Idempotency)
Saga pattern across cart → payment → inventory → fulfillment. Tests distributed-transaction handling without 2PC.
generalkafkasqlsystem-design
Design Amazon Prime Video (Streaming + DRM)
Encoding pipeline, CDN, adaptive bitrate, viewing-state durability. Same primitives as Netflix Open Connect plus stricter DRM (PlayReady/Widevine/FairPlay).
awsgeneralsystem-design
Design Amazon Recommendation System
Candidate generation → ranking → re-ranking pipeline. Feature stores, A/B testing, real-time inference. Amazon signature SDI.
generalkafkaml-aisystem-design
Design an Amazon Fulfillment Center System
Inventory tracking, robotics control, picking/packing optimization, order routing. Tests cyber-physical workflow design + real-time coordination at warehouse scale.
awsgeneralkafkasystem-design
Design an E-Commerce Platform (Amazon-style)
Catalog + search + cart + order + payment + inventory + fulfillment decomposed into services. The "draw the whole company" architecture round.
awsgeneralsqlsystem-design
Design an IDE (Visual Studio / VS Code)
Project model, language services, autocomplete, debugger plumbing. Microsoft-specific architecture round.
generalsystem-designtypescript
Design Apple Music (Streaming + Recommendations)
Catalog, recommendations, offline playback, CDN, royalties. Music streaming at scale.
generalswiftsystem-design
Design Apple Push Notification Service (APNs)
Token management, fan-out, delivery, priority. Foundation of iOS notifications.
generalsystem-design
Design Azure VM Scheduler (Bin Packing + Fault Domains)
VM allocation, bin packing, fault domains, SLA-aware. Microsoft signature systems SDI.
azurekubernetessystem-design
Design Distributed Training for 10B+ Param Model on 128 H100/B200
Tensor + pipeline + data parallelism, NCCL all-reduce, FP8/BF16, ZeRO/FSDP, checkpointing. NVIDIA signature SDI.
cppcudaml-aisystem-design
Design Dynamic Home-Screen Recommendations
Per-profile row construction, ranking, freshness, real-time signal incorporation. 2025 Netflix-reported prompt.
generalml-aisystem-design
Design Facebook Live (Low-Latency Streaming + Live Comments)
Live video at scale + concurrent comments. Tests RTMP ingest + HLS/LL-HLS distribution + WebSocket fan-out.
generalsystem-design
Design Fault-Tolerant Distributed Training Pipeline
Checkpointing cadence, replica resurrection, NCCL recovery, elastic training. Survival in long-running jobs.
cudaml-aisystem-design
Design Find My / AirTag (Crowdsourced BLE Network)
BLE crowdsourced location, on-device crypto, anti-stalking, lost mode, battery-aware. Apple-specific signature SDI.
generalswiftsystem-design
Design Fleet Management for Autonomous Vehicles (Robotaxi)
Real-time tracking, maintenance scheduling, route optimization, dispatch. Robotaxi vision system.
generalsystem-design
Design Gmail (Billions-Scale Email)
Email storage, search/indexing, spam filtering, threading. Tests inverted indexes + storage tiering.
generalsystem-design
Design Google Drive / Dropbox
File chunking, dedup, sync, version history, sharing/permissions. Classic SDI asked at all Mag7.
generalsystem-design
Design Google Maps (Tiles + Routing)
Geospatial DB, map tile serving, routing with Dijkstra/A*, real-time traffic, Street View tile pyramid.
gcpgeneralsystem-design
Design Google Search Autocomplete (Type-Ahead)
Trie at scale, top-K ranking per prefix, freshness, multi-language. Most-asked Google + Amazon SDI.
generalredissystem-design
Design Google's Web Crawler
URL frontier, politeness/rate limiting, dedup via hashing, distributed crawling, robots.txt. Signature Google SDI.
generalsystem-design
Design iCloud Photo Library Sync
Cross-device sync, conflict resolution, on-device + cloud, privacy-preserving. Apple signature SDI.
generalswiftsystem-design
Design iMessage, End-to-End Encryption + Delivery
Apple ICT3+ canonical system design. Tests asymmetric crypto, multi-device key fan-out, offline delivery, and the privacy-first architecture Apple grades senior candidates on.
generalswiftsystem-design
Design Instagram (Photo Upload + Feed + Stories)
Photo upload + feed + stories + search/explore + hashtags. E5+ Meta product-design canon.
generalsystem-design
Design Instagram Stories (24h TTL Ephemeral Feed)
24-hour TTL, view tracking, friend recency ordering. Ephemeral state at billions scale.
generalredissystem-design
Design Kafka (Distributed Message Queue)
Partitioning, ISR, leader election, consumer groups. Meta E6+ infra signature.
generalkafkasystem-design
Design LLM Inference Serving (Triton + vLLM + PagedAttention)
Triton Inference Server, dynamic batching, KV-cache management, tensor parallelism, paged attention.
cudaml-aipythonsystem-design
Design Messenger / WhatsApp (E2E + Group Chat)
End-to-end encryption (Signal protocol), message delivery guarantees, group chat, read receipts, multi-device. Meta signature SDI.
generalsystem-design
Design Meta News Feed, Fan-out at Scale
Meta's E5+ Product Design canon. Push (fan-out-on-write) vs Pull (fan-out-on-read) vs hybrid. The interviewer wants the trade-off math, not a buzzword tour.
generalkafkaredissystem-design
Design Microsoft Teams (Chat + Presence + Voice/Video)
Channels + persistent chat + presence + voice/video + meetings. Microsoft's most-asked SDI.
azuregeneralsystem-design
Design Netflix Encoding / Transcoding Pipeline
Per-title encoding, per-shot encoding, AV1, codec ladder, GPU-accelerated encoding, cost optimization.
generalsystem-design
Design Netflix Open Connect (Streaming CDN)
Netflix's purpose-built CDN serving 200M+ users. Tests bitrate adaptation, edge placement, manifest design, and capacity planning. Open-ended senior-loop favorite.
awsgeneralsystem-design
Design Netflix Recommendation Engine
Offline candidate generation + online ranking, "row-of-rows" homepage, A/B testing infra, personalization signals.
generalml-aisystem-design
Design Netflix Video Streaming End-to-End
Encoding pipeline → multi-bitrate manifest → Open Connect CDN → ABR playback → resume, sub-2s start, 99.99% availability.
awsgeneralsystem-design
Design OneDrive (File Sync Across Devices)
File sync, version history, large-file upload, deltas. Microsoft signature SDI.
azuregeneralsystem-design
Design Outlook / Exchange (Enterprise Mail Server)
Storage, search, calendar integration, anti-spam. Enterprise mail + calendar + tasks combined.
azuregeneralsystem-design
Design Real-Time Autonomous-Vehicle Data Ingestion Pipeline
Vehicle → edge → cloud, sensor data compression, Kafka/Pulsar, hot/cold tiering, retraining loop.
cppkafkaml-aisystem-design
Design Redis (Single-Threaded + Persistence + Cluster)
Single-threaded event loop, RDB+AOF persistence, replication, cluster mode. Meta E6+ infra round.
redissystem-design
Design Supercharger Network Management
Real-time station availability, load balancing of grid power, reservations, in-car nav integration, dynamic pricing.
generalsystem-design
Design Teams Voice & Video (WebRTC + Signaling)
WebRTC, signaling, TURN/STUN, recording. Real-time low-latency media.
generalsystem-design
Design Tesla Autopilot Data Pipeline (Auto-labeling + Retraining)
Auto-labeling, shadow mode, rare-event mining, training data curation, reprocessing.
cppcudaml-aisystem-design
Design Tesla Fleet Telemetry Pipeline
Vehicle → edge → cloud, millions of vehicles, sensor data compression, hot/cold tiering, anomaly detection. Tesla #1 SDI.
cppgeneralkafkasystem-design
Design the App Store (Catalog + Distribution)
Catalog, search, payments, review system, distribution at scale, regional availability.
generalsystem-design
Design YouTube (Video Upload + Encoding + CDN)
Prototypical Google SDI. Video upload, encoding pipeline, CDN, view counts, recommendations, comments.
gcpgeneralsystem-design
Design YouTube Watch History
Google L4+ favorite. Tests append-only event ingestion, time-partitioned storage, materialized views for "Continue Watching," and read-time aggregations under privacy constraints.
generalkafkasqlsystem-design